Not so much fallacies in thinking, but more like pathways that the mind gets stuck in which aren't productive.
Causal misdirection
This is what happens when people become obsessed with understanding the cause behind something rather than doing something about it.
I keep giving this example but I find it so telling: after the 2021 floods in Western Europe, I heard many people trying to blame certain things, such as the way the dams have been poorly maintained, or climate change, or the lack of funding in certain areas, and so on. But no one really seemed to be talking about what to do to prepare for future floods, they just wanted to blame something or someone. I find that to be the likely direction of societal decline for the decades to come: a bunch of people more interested in pointing fingers than doing something about the problems
Doctors who think that their job is about finding a label to your symptoms as opposed to helping you recover and even live more proactively with regards to your health
Economists are notorious for only being able to explain things that have already happened, and worse than useless at predicting the future. The 2008 housing bubble wasn't predicted by mainstream economics, though in hindsight of course everything was “obvious”. This aspect of economics and in general society is discussed at length in Nassim Taleb's books, especially The Black Swan, where a black swan event is precisely the kind of highly unpredictable but also easily explainable in hindsight that economists love to jump on, to inform future reforms
What I notice about the people who fall for the causal fallacy is that they spend all their time living retrospectively, looking back for causes that would explain what is going on right now. But while they're doing that, they're barely paying attention to the present and how to prepare themselves for the future. Constantly fighting the old war, feeling smart about explaining the past, but ultimately never looking forward to what might arrive and doing something about it.
Obsessing about the enemy
Similar to the example I gave on identifying something to blame, this one is about spending all your time on identifying an enemy and listing out all of its problems, instead of improving your own situation.
It is clear that our culture is quite left-leaning in the West and in the media, and as a result, it seems to me that the main way the right defines itself is purely through opposition: look at how fucked up these people are, look at their internal contradictions, look at their mental health problems (which we definitely don't have by the way), on and on.
Europe does this with America, Microsoft does this with Apple, lower status people do this with higher status people, and in general most collectives and individuals have someone or something they like defining themselves against, as being better in some ways.
When you zoom out of this dynamic, you realize that it's just one massive waste of time. Nothing gets fixed by pointing the finger at some people you enjoy laughing at. You can decide to exit the circus, focus your time and energy on what you want, let go of the drama and the obsession with being right, and instead use your life to build stuff you want, and be with the people you love.